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Questions and answers use live chat for more queries How do you set a price? We make our prices affordable for all students, regardless of their budgets. The Kuomintang heavily discouraged the use of Hokkien and other non-Mandarin dialects, portraying them as inferior, [17] and school children were punished for speaking their native languages. Following the end of martial law in , language policy in the country underwent liberalization, but Guoyu remained the dominant language in Taiwan. Local languages were no longer proscribed in public discourse, mass media, and schools. Mandarin is spoken fluently by the vast majority of the Taiwanese population, with the exception of some of the elderly population, who were educated under Japanese rule.
In the capital of Taipei , where there is a high concentration of Mainlanders who do not natively speak Hokkien, Mandarin is used in greater frequency and fluency than other parts of Taiwan. Guoyu employs traditional Chinese characters which are also used in the two special administrative regions of China , Hong Kong and Macau , rather than the simplified Chinese characters used in mainland China. These variant Chinese characters are generally easier to write by hand and consist of fewer strokes.
Often, suzi are identical to their simplified counterparts, but they may also take after Japanese kanji , or differ from both, as shown in the table below. Taiwanese braille is based on different letter assignments than Mainland Chinese braille. Mandarin Phonetic Symbols system, popularly called Zhuyin or Bopomofo after its first four glyphs. Taiwan is the only Chinese-speaking polity to use the system, which is taught in schools and represents the dominant digital input method on electronic devices. It has accordingly become a symbol of Taiwanese nationalism. Chinese language romanization in Taiwan somewhat differs from on the mainland, where Hanyu Pinyin is almost exclusively used. In addition, various other historical romanization systems also exist across the island, with multiple systems sometimes existing in the same locality.
Following the defeat of the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War and their subsequent retreat to Taiwan , little emphasis was placed on the romanization of Chinese characters, with the Wade-Giles system used as the default. It is still widely used for transcribing people's legal names today. Ultimately, a revised version of Gwoyeu Romatzyh was released in , [33] which was formally called the 'National Phonetic Symbols, Second Scheme'. However, this system was not widely adopted. Like mainland Putonghua and all other Sinitic languages, both Standard and Taiwanese Guoyu are tonal. Pronunciation of many individual characters differs in the standards prescribed by language authorities in Taipei and Beijing.
Mainland authorities tend to prefer pronunciations popular in Northern Mandarin areas, whereas Taiwanese authorities prefer traditional pronunciations recorded in dictionaries from the s and s. These character-level differences notwithstanding, Standard Guoyu pronunciation is largely identical to Putonghua , but with two major systematic differences: [37]. Taiwan Guoyu is also strongly influenced by Hokkien. This is especially prominent in areas where Hokkien is common - namely Central and Southern Taiwan. The Hokkien-influenced Mandarin accent in Taiwan is generally similar to its counterpart in the Minnan region of Fujian. Influence can be seen in the presence of sounds from Hokkien, which do not normally exist in Guoyu.
These variations from Standard Guoyu are similar to variations of Putonghua spoken in southern China. Using the Hanyu Pinyin system, the following sound changes take place going from Putonghua to Taiwan Guoyu, followed by an example :. The non-standard Taiwanese Guoyu tends to exhibit frequent, informal elision when spoken. In addition to differences in elision and influence from Hokkien, which are not features that are codified in the standard Guoyu , there are differences in pronunciation that arise from conflicting official standards in Taiwan and the mainland.
These differences are primarily but not exclusively tonal. Approximately Official pronunciations given by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education are considered formal standards. The Ministry of Education tends to prefer language features present in traditional Beijing Mandarin, on which Guoyu is formally based, but these may not always reflect actual pronunciations commonly used by native Taiwanese Mandarin speakers. The following is a table of common characters pronounced with differing tone in Guoyu and Putonghua in most or all contexts: [49]. Some differences are not universal and may be relevant only in certain contexts. The following is a list of examples of such differences from the Cross-strait language database : [50].
Guoyu and Putonghua share a large majority of their vocabulary, but significant differences do exist. Guoyu and Putonghua speakers may display strong preference for one of a set of synonyms. Likewise, words with the same literal meaning in Putonghua may differ in register from Guoyu. The following table highlights some terms where one or more of a particular set of synonyms is strongly preferred in either Guoyu or Putonghua. This also applies to the use of some function words. Preference for the expression of modality often differs among northern Mandarin speakers and Taiwanese, as evidenced by the selection of modal verbs. Some terms have different meanings in Taiwan and China, which can sometimes lead to misunderstandings between speakers of different sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Often there are alternative terms which can be used unambiguously by speakers on both sides. This is especially prominent in words and phrases which refer to things or concepts invented after the split, which frequently have totally different names in Guoyu and Putonghua. In computer science, for instance, the differences are prevalent enough to hinder communication. As cross-strait relations began to improve in the early 21st century, direct interaction between mainland Chinese and Taiwanese increased, and some vocabulary began to merge, especially by means of the Internet.
The following is a small selection of vocabulary items that differ from between Guoyu and Putonghua. Words may be formed from abbreviations in one form of Mandarin but not the other. In other cases, the same word may carry different connotations or usage patterns, and may be polysemous in one form of Mandarin but not the other. On the mainland, however, the word is also a euphemism for a prostitute and is therefore not used as a polite term of address. Likewise, Standard Mandarin from the mainland contains significant amounts of vocabulary that are not present in Taiwan.
Some of these differences stem from different social and political conditions, which gave rise to concepts that were not common between different areas, e. Additionally, many terms unique to Taiwanese Mandarin were adopted from Japanese both as a result of its geographical proximity, as well as Taiwan's status as a Japanese territory in the first half of the 20th century. Loan words may differ between Putonghua and Guoyu.
Different characters or methods may also be chosen for transliteration phonetic or semantic , and the number of characters may differ. In some cases, loans may be calqued in one variety and transliterated in the other as in the word for blues music, below. Generally, Guoyu tends to imitate the form of Han Chinese names when transliterating foreign persons' names. Some Taiwanese Hokkien words are commonly found in local Mandarin-language newspapers and periodicals:. Japanese loanwords are based on phonetics , and are transliterated using Chinese characters with similar pronunciation in Mandarin or Taiwanese Hokkien. Compare typical ways to render "Are you hot? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Forms of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Taiwan.
Language family. Writing system. Percentage of Taiwanese aged 6 and above who spoke Mandarin at home in Further information: Variant Chinese character. Main article: Bopomofo. Further information: Standard Chinese. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. June Among Minnanren Hoklo the mean was 4. The mean score for mainland descendants as a whole was 4. The meaning can often be inferred from context. This gave rise to popular demands for the government to control price rises.
Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN Linguistic Typology. The social project of language standardization in early Republican China". The Journal of Asian Studies. Unravelling Magazine. Retrieved 25 August In Clyne, Michael ed. De Gruyter Mouton. Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. OCLC Standard Mandarin refers to the language used in formal writing and television broadcasts, which in essence is Northern Mandarin absent more extreme dialect elements and features.
It is the form of the language promoted as a shared tongue in the mainland and Taiwan, and is largely identical to Putonghua. Taiwan Mandarin is the common language spoken by Taiwanese and mainland descendants in Taiwan under thirty who have received at least a high school education. The influence of Southern Min, has produced differences from standard Putonghua in onsets and rimes, tone, vocabulary, and syntax. University of Pittsburgh. Brubaker refers to the standard form as Standard Mandarin, and the basilectal form as Taiwan-guoyu. Monumenta Taiwanica. Retrieved 24 May Language Policy. S2CID Divided languages? Retrieved 9 May Government of Taiwan in Chinese.
Taiwan Ministry of Education. Retrieved December 5, Apple Daily in Chinese.
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