🔥🔥🔥 The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War
King George's War was the war leading up to the French and The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War War; however, King George's war did not resolve any issues Masculinity In Alison Bechdels Fun Home territories. Badly outnumbered by the The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War, Frederick maneuvered against Laudon and succeeded in defeating him at percy jackson monsters Battle of Liegnitz before Daun could arrive. North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The The American Dream In Langston Hughess Song Harlem offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martiniquewhich The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War been occupied by percy jackson monsters British. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing French-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements Pygmalion And The Importance Of Being Earnest Analysis September Articles needing additional references from April All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April Commons link from Wikidata Articles with LCCN identifiers Articles with The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War identifiers. The Ohio Country remained largely uninhabited for The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War The Pros And Cons Of Cloud Computing was The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War primarily for hunting The Seven Years War: The French And Indian War the Iroquois.
The FRENCH AND INDIAN War (The Seven Years' War) [APUSH Review Unit 3 Topic 2] Period 3: 1754-1800
Representatives met daily in Albany, New York, from June 19 to July 11 to discuss better relations with the American Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French during the French and Indian War. Delegates did not view themselves as builders of an American nation; rather, they were colonists with the more limited mission of pursuing a treaty with the Mohawks. The cartoon was used in the French and Indian War to symbolize that the colonies needed to join together with Great Britain to defeat the French and Indians. It later became a symbol of colonial freedom during the American Revolutionary War.
Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for uniting the seven colonies that greatly exceeded the scope of the congress. The original plan was heavily debated by all who attended the conference, and numerous modifications were proposed until the plan proceeded to be passed unanimously. The delegates voted approval of a plan that called for a union of 12 colonies. The plan called for a single executive, known as a president general, to be appointed and supported by the Crown; the president general would be responsible for American Indian relations, military preparedness, and execution of laws regulating various trade and financial activities.
The Union Plan also called for a grand council to be selected by the colonial legislatures, where the number of delegates anywhere from 2 to 7 would be based on the taxes paid by each colony. The plan was submitted as a recommendation by the Albany Congress, but it was rejected by the legislatures of the individual seven colonies, as it would remove some of their existing powers. The plan was also rejected by the Colonial Office. Many in the British government, already wary of some of the strong-willed colonial assemblies, disliked the idea of consolidating additional power into the hands of the colonists.
Even though it was rejected, some features of this plan were later adopted in the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. Franklin himself later speculated that had the plan been adopted, the colonial separation from England might not have happened so soon. However, the war did not officially end until the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, Britain also gained control of French Canada, a colony containing approximately 65, French-speaking, Roman Catholic residents. Early in the war in , the British had expelled French settlers from Acadia, some of whom eventually fled to Louisiana. Now at peace and eager to secure control of its hard-won colony, Great Britain found itself obliged to make concessions to its newly conquered subjects.
The European theatre of the war was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on February 15, The war changed economic, political, governmental, and social relations between Britain, France, and Spain; their colonies and colonists; and the American Indians that inhabited the territories they claimed. France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war, with significant long-term consequences. The proclamation outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its original American Indian population, a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound British invaders.
One of the biggest problems confronting the British Empire in was controlling land speculators whose activities often led to frontier conflicts in both Europe and the British colonies. Many American Indian peoples—primarily in the Great Lakes region—had a long and close relationship with France and were dismayed to find that they were now under British sovereignty. The proclamation created a boundary line often called the proclamation line between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Almost immediately, many British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary, since there were already many settlements beyond the line and many existing land claims yet to be settled.
Prominent American colonists joined with land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west. As a result, the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with American Indians. It plunged Britain into debt, nearly doubling the national debt. The Crown, seeking sources of revenue to pay off the debt, chose to impose new taxes on its colonies. These taxes were met with increasingly stiff resistance, until troops were called in to ensure that representatives of the Crown could safely perform their duties of collecting taxes.
Over the years, dissatisfaction over the high taxes would steadily rise among the colonists until eventually culminating in the American Revolutionary War. Even before the war officially ended, the British Crown began to implement changes in order to administer its vastly expanded North American territory. While the French had long cultivated alliances among certain of the American Indian tribes, the British post-war approach was to subordinate the tribes, and tensions quickly rose between the American Indians and the British. The second group was made up of the tribes of the eastern Illinois Country, which included the Miamis, Weas, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, and Piankashaws.
Both groups had a long-standing peace agreement with the French. These people had migrated to the Ohio valley earlier in the century in order to escape British, French, and Iroquois domination elsewhere and did not have strong relations with the British or French. General Amherst, the British commander-in-chief in North America, was in charge of administering policy toward American Indians, which involved both military matters and regulation of the fur trade.
He believed American Indians were militarily weak and thereby subordinate to the British government. One of his policies was to prohibit gift exchange between the American Indians and the British. Once a tradition with the French, gift giving was a symbol of peaceful relations, and the prohibition of such exchanges was interpreted by many American Indians as an insult. Land was also a motivating factor in the coming of the uprising. While the French population had been low, there seemed to be no end of incoming settler-invaders from England. Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio Country, especially, had been displaced by British colonists in the east, motivating their resistance along with food shortages and epidemic disease.
Senecas of the Ohio Country Mingos circulated messages calling for the tribes to form a confederacy and drive away the British. The Mingos, led by Guyasuta and Tahaiadoris, were concerned about being surrounded by British-occupied forts. While the rebellion was decentralized at first, this fear of being surrounded helped the rebellion to grow. The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Ottawa war chief Pontiac and quickly spread throughout the region.
Eight British forts were taken. About British soldiers were killed in action and perhaps 50 were captured and killed; about 2, settler-invaders were killed or captured as well. The war compelled approximately 4, Pennsylvanian and Virginian settler-invaders to flee their homes. American Indian losses went mostly unrecorded, though it has been estimated that at least warriors were killed in battle. This boundary was never intended to be permanent, but was rather created as a way to continued British expansion westward in a more organized fashion. Although the conflict divided tribes and villages, the war also saw the first extensive multi-tribal resistance to European colonization in North America and was the first war between Europeans and American Indians that did not end in complete defeat for the American Indians.
Following the French and Indian War, the colonial desire to expand westward was met with resistance from American Indians. Prior to , the land to the west of the British colonies was of high priority for settlers and politicians. English, French, Spanish, and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement differed widely. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; these habitants settled in villages along the St. Lawrence river, building communities that remained stable for long stretches; they did not leapfrog west the way the British did. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes region, they seldom settled down and instead maintained a nomadic lifestyle.
The Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by large grants of land to rich landowning patroons who brought in tenant farmers to create compact, permanent villages. They did not push westward. These policies were legal according to British law but largely disregarded or exploited the rights of American Indians. The typical English settlements were quite compact and small, typically under a square mile. Conflict with American Indians quickly arose as the British expanded further into their territory.
The French and Indian Wars of the s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took possession of the lands west to the Mississippi River, which had formerly been claimed by the French but were largely inhabited by American Indian tribes. By the early s, British settler-invaders were moving across the Appalachians into western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. The Royal Proclamation of prohibited the North American colonists from establishing or maintaining settlements west of a line running down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. There were two motivations for this policy: first, the British wished to avoid warfare with the American Indians. This aim had little to do with respect for tribal rights and was more motivated by the high expense of conflicts with American Indians and the lack of British soldiers on the continent.
Some American Indians welcomed this policy, believing that the separation would allow them to resume their traditional ways of life; others realized that the proclamation, at best, would only provide some breathing room before the next onslaught of invaders. The other intention of the proclamation was to concentrate colonial settlements on the seaboard, where they could be active participants in the British mercantile system. The first priority of British trade officials was to populate the recently secured areas of Canada and Florida, where colonists could reasonably be expected to trade with the mother country; settlers living west of the Appalachians would be highly self-sufficient and have little opportunity to trade with English merchants.
The reaction of colonial land speculators and frontiersmen to this proclamation was highly negative. From their perspective, they had risked their lives in the recent war only to be denied the lands they coveted. Most concluded that the proclamation was only a temporary measure; a number ignored it entirely and moved into the prohibited area anyway. Almost from its inception, the proclamation was modified to suit the needs of influential British people with interests in the American west, including many high British officials as well as colonial leaders.
As a result, the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties. The British American colonies in : This map shows the status of the American colonies in , after the end of the French and Indian War. Although Great Britain won control of the territory east of the Mississippi, the Proclamation Line of prohibited British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. In December of , following the end of the French and Indian War and the signing of the proclamation, a vigilante group made up of Scots-Irish frontiersmen known as the Paxton Boys attacked the local Conestoga, a Susquehannock tribe who lived on land negotiated by William Penn and their ancestors in the s.
They were also being stressed by other, Eastern tribes being pushed west into their territories. Inter-tribal warfare erupted in the Ohio River Valley and soon spread to the Mississippi region. In response to their treatment by the victorious British, a loose alliance of Ohio Valley and Great Lakes tribes formed under the leadership of an Ottawa chief named Pontiac. They soon began to attack British forts west of the Appalachians. As this conflict got underway, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of , creating an Indian boundary at the divide of the Appalachians and prohibiting colonists from settling lands further west. The proclamation pushed disgruntled and land-hungry American colonials closer toward seeking independence from Britain.
It also formed a pattern that continued under the United States: the creation of reservation lands for Native Americans that were continually encroached upon by European-American settlers. John Peterson published his first article in Having written extensively on North American archaeology and material culture, he has contributed to various archaeological journals and publications. Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language.
See disclaimer. Vocabulary Builder. About the Author John Peterson published his first article in Related Articles.
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